Which network type is formed by IoT devices without fixed infrastructure?

• A. ATM
• B. Ethernet
• C. FDDI
• D. Ad-hoc

Answer: (D)

Ad-hoc networking in IoT means devices connect directly with each other without fixed infrastructure such as access points or central switches. In this setup, any node can forward traffic for others, creating multi-hop routes as needed. The topology is dynamic and self-organizing, so devices can join or leave the network without reconfiguring a central hub. This makes ad-hoc networks well-suited for temporary deployments, mobile sensors, or disaster zones where there’s no stable infrastructure.

The other options are built around fixed hardware and wired or centralized paths; they rely on predefined infrastructure to route data, not on spontaneous, neighbor-to-neighbor connections. That’s why ad-hoc best captures a network formed by IoT devices without fixed infrastructure.