What are the two things that all digital devices need in order to work?

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Digital devices need two things to function: data and programming. Data is the information the device uses and produces—sensor readings, user inputs, configuration values. Programming provides the instructions that tell the device how to process that data, what decisions to make, and what actions to take. Hardware can run, but it only becomes useful when it has both the data it works on and the program that tells it how to use that data. In IoT, sensors provide data and the software (the program) defines the logic that turns those data points into decisions and control signals, allowing the device to perform meaningful tasks. Power is necessary to run the hardware, but the actual work the device does hinges on data and programming.