IoT interactions occur over which network configurations?

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IoT interactions rely on flexibility in how devices connect, so they can happen across different network setups. In practice, you’ll often see heterogeneous networks, where several technologies come together and gateways translate between them—think sensors using Zigbee or LoRa in the same system, with a gateway that connects to Wi‑Fi or cellular to reach the cloud. You can also have homogeneous networks, where many devices share the same technology and communicate within a single network family, like a group of devices all using the same protocol and network stack. Real-world deployments frequently blend these approaches or rely on one or the other depending on range, power, and bandwidth needs. Because IoT is about interoperable communication across varying environments, the description that IoT interactions occur over both heterogeneous and homogeneous configurations best captures how these networks operate.